Pedagogy MCQs (page 76 of 100)
Learning theories, child development, motivation, philosophy of education, teaching methods, curriculum and assessment, measurement and evaluation, classroom management, guidance and counselling, inclusive education, research, planning and school leadership, and Pakistan's education system. Includes applied, scenario-based questions in the style of recent FPSC SST (General) papers. For educator, SST, ESE, lecturer and other teaching posts.
1,997 questions. Select an option to check your answer, or open "Show answer". Showing 1501–1520.
- 1501.
A researcher studies one exceptionally successful rural school in depth for a full year using observation, interviews and documents. This is a:
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Answer: D. Case study
A case study examines one unit in depth and in its real context.
- 1502.
A researcher lists every 10th learner from an alphabetical school register after a random start. This sampling method is:
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Answer: B. Systematic random sampling
Selecting at a fixed interval after a random start is systematic sampling.
- 1503.
To make sure boys and girls are represented in proportion to the population, a researcher first divides learners by gender and then samples randomly from each group. This is:
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Answer: B. Stratified random sampling
Stratified sampling divides the population into subgroups (strata) and samples randomly from each.
- 1504.
A researcher randomly selects 20 schools in a district and then tests every Grade 5 learner in those schools. This is:
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Answer: A. Cluster sampling
Whole groups (schools) are selected and all members of each chosen group are studied.
- 1505.
A researcher deliberately selects head teachers known for successful school turnarounds to interview. This is:
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Answer: B. Purposive sampling
Participants are chosen on purpose because they have the characteristics the study needs.
- 1506.
In a study of whether peer tutoring improves maths scores, the maths scores are the:
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Answer: C. Dependent variable
The outcome being measured is the dependent variable.
- 1507.
In a study comparing lecture and activity-based teaching, the teaching method is the:
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Answer: A. Independent variable
The factor the researcher varies is the independent variable.
- 1508.
A researcher states: "There will be no significant difference in achievement between learners taught with and without visual aids." This is a:
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Answer: A. Null hypothesis
A null hypothesis states that there is no difference or no relationship.
- 1509.
A researcher states: "Learners taught with visual aids will score higher than learners taught without them." This is a:
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Answer: B. Directional hypothesis
It predicts the direction of the difference.
- 1510.
A study finds p = 0.03 at a 0.05 significance level. What should the researcher do?
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Answer: A. Reject the null hypothesis
When p is below the chosen significance level, the null hypothesis is rejected.
- 1511.
A researcher concludes that a teaching method works when, in reality, it has no effect. This is a:
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Answer: D. Type I error
A Type I error is rejecting a true null hypothesis (a false positive).
- 1512.
A small study fails to detect a real improvement from a new programme. This is most likely a:
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Answer: B. Type II error
Failing to reject a false null hypothesis is a Type II error; small samples increase this risk.
- 1513.
Learners in a new programme improve partly because they know they are being studied and receive extra attention. This is the:
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Answer: B. Hawthorne effect
Behaviour changes because participants know they are being observed.
- 1514.
Many learners drop out of a two-year study, and those who leave were mostly low achievers. The main threat to validity is:
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Answer: C. Attrition (mortality)
Losing participants unevenly can bias results.
- 1515.
Learners improve over a school year simply because they are growing older and more mature. This threat to internal validity is:
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Answer: C. Maturation
Natural development over time can be mistaken for a treatment effect.
- 1516.
During an experiment on a new teaching method, a national television programme on the same topic is broadcast. This threat to validity is:
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Answer: C. History
An outside event during the study may affect the results.
- 1517.
Learners score higher on a post-test mainly because they remember the pre-test items. This threat is:
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Answer: C. Testing effect
Taking a pre-test can improve post-test performance by itself.
- 1518.
Learners selected because they scored extremely low on a first test score somewhat higher on a retest without any treatment. This is:
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Answer: D. Regression toward the mean
Extreme scores tend to move closer to the average on retesting.
- 1519.
Results from a study in elite urban schools may not apply to rural government schools. This concerns:
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Answer: C. External validity
External validity is about how far findings can be generalised.
- 1520.
Which research approach is best suited to understanding how teachers experience a new curriculum in their own words?
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Answer: B. Qualitative interviews
Qualitative methods explore meanings and experiences in depth.